Islamic finance slows, Sukuk grinds to halt

The Daily Star:

Islamic finance is slowing as the global financial crisis hits its hubs in Malaysia and the Gulf, but the sector now has a chance to move on to Western economies seeking to boost their financial centers.
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"There is a need for petrodollars in the West so more countries will be pandering to the rhetoric of Islamic finance to try to recycle petrodollars to their own financial capitals, be that London, Singapore or Kuala Lumpur," said Mahmoud al-Gamal, chair of Islamic Economics at Rice University.
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The easing market has provided scholars, lawmakers and bankers a window to reassess structures including the sukuk, or Islamic bonds, which are still under the spotlight as different bodies debate on how compliant instruments are with Islamic law.

Sukuk, once the industry's hottest product, have dried up, with the Gulf Arab region seeing no issues in the first quarter of 2009.
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"Islamic finance instruments were structured the same way as conventional finance instruments so I think it was propaganda to say they were insulated," said Gamal. "In 2009, Islamic finance could grow faster because many multinational banks had to cut back quite a bit on lending..."

Making Islamic finance transparent

Minnesota Public Radio

Here's how the mortgage, known as Murabaha financing or "cost plus sale," works:

The state buys a home and resells it to the buyer at a higher price. The down payment and monthly installments are agreed to up front at current mortgage rates.

The deal is identical to a thirty-year fixed-rate loan, except there's no additional interest, because the higher up front price factors in payments that would have been made over the life of a traditional mortgage.

A handful of private banks and lending institutions offer Islamic mortgages in the U.S., but Minnesota Housing is the first state agency to offer such a product.

In the U.S. mortgage interest is tax deductible -- it can be used to reduce the tax you owe on your income tax. I wonder if the home buyer taking an Islamic mortgage will still be able to take this deduction. Because otherwise these mortgages are mathematically equivalent, economically equivalent to a conventional fixed interest mortgage. It is only in the mind of the borrower that they appropriate for a devote Muslim whereas a conventional fixed interest mortgage is not.

To me an Islamic mortgage would be one where the buyer and the lender shared the profit (or loss) of any eventual sale of the property.

80% of Islamic bonds declared unIslamic

Bloomberg (March 13)

New guidelines demand that investors become the legal owners of those assets rather than nominal holders, the Bahrain-based Accounting & Auditing Organization for Islamic Financial Institutions said on its Web site.

The rules from AAOIFI's board of 18 religious advisers led by Chairman Sheikh Muhammad Taqi Usmani will make it harder for companies to issue Islamic debt at a time when borrowing is already shrinking because of the global credit crisis.
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``This is a paradigm shift and will make life difficult for chief financial officers used to the existing structures,'' Moody's Investors Service analyst Khalid Howladar said in a phone interview from Dubai today.
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Borrowers and their bankers until now created a fixed income for investors by promising to buy back the assets underlying sukuk at their face value on maturity, irrespective of whether the assets made or lost money, Moody's Howladar said. These types of agreements are banned under the tougher rules because Shariah demands buyers and sellers share profits or losses from their transactions.

``Blemishes'' have crept in that the industry must now ``rid'' itself of, AAOIFI's board of scholars said last month. As much as 85 percent of sukuk sold to date may not comply with all the precepts of Shariah, the board said.

The new rules force issuers of sukuk to legally transfer the ownership of assets to bondholders. The assets must be tangible rather than a cash flow.

``What the scholars are trying to do is make sukuk asset- backed rather than just asset-based,'' said Arul Kandasamy, the Dubai-based head of Islamic finance for Barclays Capital.
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Jebel Ali Free Zone FZE, Dubai's state-run operator of a business park adjoining the Jebel Ali port, raised $2 billion in the biggest sale of sukuk from the Gulf in the past six months. Buyers of the bonds have no legal claim on the underlying assets and have an ``implicit guarantee'' the issuer would cover any payment shortfalls, S&P said in a report in January.
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``The likely impact of this is that either the sukuk market becomes more based on Islamic securitizations or it bifurcates, with some sales becoming truly asset-backed and other issuers choosing to continue with existing structures,'' Moody's Howladar said.

On Thursday, Marketplace, from American Public Radio, had a good report on the controversy. You can listen here (lasts about 4 minutes). Or read the transcript. An excerpt from the transcript:

MP: Humayan Dar teaches Islamic finance at the CASS Business School. He says the sukuk, or Islamic bond, cleverly circumvents this rule in a number of different ways.

Humayan Dar: For example, sukuk holders receive ownership of an asset which is then leased to the issuer which offers a rental.

MP: But critics say that's just interest by another name... that bond is un-Islamic. A leading muslim scholar, Sheik Muhammed Taqi Usmani, says 80 percent of these bonds break the fundamentals laws of Islam. Tarek El Diwany, author of The Problem with Interest, says the sheik is right: The banks have been hoodwinking Muslim investors.

Tarek El Diwany: They are engaging in legal trickery in order to produce a fixed financial rate of return from the outset of the transaction. Many of them are -- not all of them.

MP: Special boards of Muslims scholars certify all the sukuk as islamic. The trouble is, says El Diwany, the banks pay those scholars -- sometimes handsomely. Rather like an investment bank paying a rating agency, which then gives its conventional bonds a triple-A. Hardly an independent opinion...

El Diwany: At the end of the day, it's a little bit much to expect a big banking organization to pay a scholar who says the bank's products are not permitted under Islamic law. It's not going to happen, is it?

For criticism of how the announcement was handled by Sheik Muhammed Taqi Usmani see "Mishandling Crises Leads to Disasters" by Lahem al Nasser writing in Asharq Al-Awsat. He writes, in part:

When Sheikh Muhammad Taqi Usmani, Chairman of the Accounting and Auditing Organization for Islamic Financial Institutions (AAOIFI) issued a statement to the media in which he said that 85 percent of sukuk (Islamic bonds) are non-Shariah compliant, it spread like wildfire causing disruption and confusion in the Islamic banking industry.
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The Chairman of the AAOIFI, Sheikh Muhammad Taqi Usmani could have clarified the statement and revealed which type of sukuk was referred to, its non-Shariah compliant aspect and also disclosed what percentage of overall Islamic bonds they comprise, in addition to how this dispute affects present and future issues.

I figure the AAOIFI woke up to the fact that anything financial instrument that guarantees a fixed return is an interest-bearing instrument. A bond is a bond is a bond, no matter how it is designed. When it comes to what these instruments are it's that simple. I figure that unless on appearances matter, these bonds do not meet the restriction against interest. The real question is, all interest also usury?

Update: Tim Worstall points out Islamic bonds figured in the UK finance minister's budget plans.